Advancing Green Pharmacy through Biodegradable Drug Delivery Systems for Reducing Pharmaceutical Pollution and Enhancing Therapeutic Outcomes
Keywords:
biodegradable polymers, green pharmacy, pharmaceutical pollution, controlled release, PLGA, PLGA microspheres, drug delivery, environmental sustainability, pollution prevention.Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry faces a growing challenge from environmental contamination caused by persistent drug compounds entering ecosystems. “Green pharmacy” seeks sustainable solutions by redesigning drug products and their delivery mechanisms to minimize ecological impact. Biodegradable drug delivery systems (DDS) are a key innovation in this effort. These systems use biodegradable polymers (such as PLA, PLGA, PCL, and natural biopolymers) to encapsulate active ingredients and release them in a controlled manner, then degrade into harmless products (e.g. CO₂, water). This paper reviews recent advances in biodegradable DDS and their role in reducing pharmaceutical pollution. First, it summarizes evidence of widespread pharmaceutical contamination in waterways and the ecological risks posed. Next, it introduces the concept of green pharmacy and the environmental benefits of biodegradable carriers. We discuss common biodegradable polymers, their degradation mechanisms, and how design factors (polymer type, particle size, surface chemistry) affect drug release and breakdown rate. We highlight case studies: for example, PLA/PGA sutures and PLGA drug depots that provide prolonged therapy without persistent waste. A notable clinical example is biodegradable carmustine wafers (Gliadel) for brain tumors, which significantly improved patient survival while ultimately degrading in vivo. Biodegradable DDS also enhance therapy by sustained release and targeted delivery, reducing dosage frequency and side effects. The paper examines experimental studies of biodegradable microspheres and films delivering anticancer, antibiotic, and anti-inflammatory drugs, noting improved outcomes and reduced residue. Challenges include manufacturing scale-up, ensuring consistent degradation, and regulatory hurdles. The review concludes that integrating biodegradable DDS into pharmaceutical development offers a promising path to “green” medicines that heal patients without harming the planet.
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